“Intra-regional multilateral frameworks” are simply ‘multilateral frameworks’ for a region, not continent or globe. The West champions efficient domination: why negotiate with, or as, 10 countries instead of a single regional body? The European Union is the benchmark for AfCFTA, NEPAD, and suchlike bodies. Europe played a sinister joke on Africa: their ‘tribes’ became ‘nations’ which became ‘states’. Emerging technology and peaceful co-existence led to coherent European ‘nation-states’ – the world wards notwithstanding. But in Africa, they divided-to-rule, deepening tribalism and even clannism within the irrational territories – soon independent states into the 1960s. The OAU noted the irrationalities: Nkrumah propsed an immediate United States of Africa (USAf) to swallow divisions; but Nyerere’s gradualism won: four cohesive regional bodies could eventually become Nkrumah’s USAf. Nkrumah’s neocolonialism warning was ignored: weak African states have been at the mercy of scavengers – the old and new colonisers, MNCs, religion, Hollywood, etc. – i.e. globalization! They meet at scavenger-sponsored conferences on ridding of scavengers using the same scavengers’ money…. Some Africans belong to 14 of the continent’s 39 regional organisations: https://ecdpm.org/talking-points/regional-organisations-africa-mapping-multiple-memberships/ When do they implement resolutions, alongside running their own governments? The original EEC of six is now of 30+ EU independent countries despite wide development disparities; but they are motivated by being European! The African countries lack of economic independence, enhancing Western reliance, such as through regional bodies whose operational costs are much higher than national public service budgets. Instead of striving for strength in unity, Africans squabble over which non-Africans should expropriate which of us. Thus Kenya is propping up the Somalia government against Al Shabaab; but Somalia has got an ICJ judgement to let Norway exploit its off-shore oil originally ‘shared’ with Kenya. How visionary was Nkrumah?